| Peer-Reviewed

In vitro Anthelmintic Activities of Extracts and Fractions of Cosmos sulphureus Cav, Against Onchocerca ochengi

Received: 12 January 2020     Accepted: 7 February 2020     Published: 14 April 2020
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Medicinal plants have been of great importance to many traditional communities for many generations. However, there is need to carry out scientific studies in order to confirm the medicinal properties of many plants used traditionally. Cosmos sulphureus (Asteraceae) used by local communities for the treatment of various diseases has showed antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiplasmodial properties although there are no studies demonstrating its antionchocerca activity. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antionchocerca potential of crude extracts and chromatographic fractions of C. sulphureus using Onchocerca ochengi, a bovine filarial closest in phylogeny to Onchocerca volvulus. Solvent extraction of the parts of C. sulphureus was performed using distilled water, 70% EtOH, MeOH, CH2Cl2 and a mixture of MeOH/CH2Cl2 (v/v). Anthelmintic assay was evaluated on adult worms of O. ochengi and worm viability was assessed biochemically using the dimethylthiazol (MTT) formazan assay. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicities of the promising extract was investigated in mice. The chemical composition of extracts was revealed. EtOH extract of roots showed highest anthelmintic activity with an LC50 value of 31.01±1.17 μg/mL which was more significant than the one of ivermectin (LC50=42.78 μg/mL) used as standard. The other extracts show moderate activities. The most active fraction obtained from EtOH extract of roots had an LC50 value of 19.10 μg/mL on male worm. For acute toxicity, a single dose of 2000 mg/kg used induced no critical behavioral changes or death. In sub- acute toxicity, daily oral administration of hydro-ethanolic extracts of roots at the dose of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg revealed disturbances in the normal growth of animals as well as liver and kidney alterations. These results unfold potential sources of novel anti-onchocerca lead compounds and validate the traditional use of the plants in onchocerciasis treatment.

Published in Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.jdmp.20200601.14
Page(s) 22-30
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Anthelmintic Activity, Onchocerca ochengi, Cosmos sulphureus, Acute and Sub-acute Oral Toxicity, Phytochemicals

References
[1] Mitra AK and Mawson AR. “Neglected tropical diseases: epidemiology and global burden,” Epidemiology and Global Burden 2017; vol. 2, no. 36.
[2] WHO, Progress towards Eliminating Onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: Verification of Elimination of Transmission in Guatemala Onchocerciasis, 2016.
[3] WHO, Onchocerciasis, 2018, https://www.Who.Int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/onchocerciasis.
[4] Ranganathan B. Onchocerciasis-An Overview, vol. 8, 2012.
[5] Kamga GR, Dissak-Delon FN, Nana DHC, Biholong BD, Mbigha GS, Souopgui J, et al. Still mesoendemic onchocerciasis in two Cameroonian community-directed treatment with ivermectin projects despite more than 15 years of mass treatment. Parasit Vectors. 2016; 9. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1868-8.
[6] Murdoch ME. Onchodermatitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010; 23: 124-31.
[7] Toé LD, Koala L, Burkett-Cadena ND, Traoré BM, Sanfo M, Kambiré SR, et al. Optimization of the esperanza window trap for the collection of the African onchocerciasis vector Simulium damnosum sensu lato. Acta Trop. 2014; 137: 39-43.
[8] Resnikoff S, Keys TU. Future trends in global blindness. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2012; 60: 387-95.
[9] Tchounkeu YF, Onyeneho NG, Wanji S, Kabali AT, Manianga C, Amazigo UV, et al. Changes in stigma and discrimination of onchocerciasis in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 106: 340-7.
[10] Evans TG. Socioeconomic consequences of blinding onchocerciasis in West Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 1995; 73: 495-506.
[11] Turner JD, Tendonfor N, Esum M, Johnson KL, Langley RS, Ford L, Faragher B et al S. Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline only treatment of Onchocerca volvulus in an area of Loa loa co-endemicity: a randomized control trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010; 4: 4.
[12] Taylor MJ, Awadzi K, Basanez MG, Biritwum N, Boakye D, Boatin B, et al. Onchocerciasis control: vision for the Future from a Ghanian perspective. Parasit Vectors. 2009; 2 (1): 7. Doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-7.
[13] Osei-Atweneboana MY, Awadzi K, Attah SK, Boakye DA, Gyapong JO, Prichard RK. Phenotypic evidence of emerging ivermectin resistance in Onchocerca volvulus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011; 5 (3): e998.
[14] Kumari S, Sidhu MC. Meiotic studies in Cosmos sulphureus cav. Chromosome Botany 2012; 7: 117-8.
[15] Bindurani R., Mahesh M, Kamlesh K. Antimicrobial activity of Cosmos sulphureus flowers around Pune. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 2013 5 (09): 27-31.
[16] Sultana TM, Mohi UC, Farham H, Junaid MSA, Chowdury MM, Islam MT. Pharmacological and phytochemical screening of Bidens sulphurea cav. 2014.
[17] Fouche G, Sakong BM, Adenubi OT, Pauw E, Leboho T, Wellington KW, Eloff JN. Anthelmintic activity of acetone extracts from South African plants used on egg hatching of Haemonchus contortus. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2016; 83: 1-7. doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v83i1.1164.
[18] Rajkumari M, Jerusha A H, Narayanan P M, Akilandeswari S, Subakanmani S, Murugan S. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cosmos Sulphureus and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties. Nano Biomed Eng 2015.
[19] Jadav KM, Ninge GKN. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of araucaria columnaris bark peel and cosmos sulphureus flowers. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 2017.
[20] Shital S P and Zia H K. Estimation of free radical scavenging activity of cosmos leaves extract. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research 2018; Vol. 9, Issue, 8 (B), pp. 28355-28358.
[21] Trees AJ, Graham SP, Renz A, Bianco AE, Tanya V. Onchocerca ochengi infections in cattle as a model for human onchocerciasis: Recent developments. Parasitolology 2000, 120: 5133–5142.
[22] Ndjonka D, Ajonina-Ekoti I, Djafsia B, Luersen K, Abladam E, Liebau E. Anogeissus leiocarpus extract on the parasite nematode Onchocerca ochengi and on drug resistant mutantstrains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Vet. Parasitol 2012; 190: 136–142.
[23] Adia MM, Emami SN, Byamukama B, faye I, and BorgKarlson A, “Antiplasmodial activity and phytochemical analysis of extracts from selected Ugandan medicinal plants,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2016 vol. 186, pp. 14-19.
[24] Nyemb JN, Ndoubalem R, Talla E, Tchinda TA, Ndjonka D, Henoumont C, Laurent S, et al. DPPH antiradical scavenging, anthelmintic and phytochemical studies of Cissus poulnea rhizomes” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2018; 11 (4): 280-284.
[25] Wong CC, Li HB, Cheng KW and Chen F, “A systematic survey of antioxidant activity of 30 Chinese medicinal plants using the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay”. Food Chem, 2006; 97: 705-711.
[26] Aiyegroro OA, Okoh AI “Preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Helichrysum longifolium”BMC compl. And Alt. Med 2010; 10: 21.
[27] Ndjonka D, Ayouba M, Ahamat A, Djafsia B, Ndouwe TMH “In vivo Toxicity Study and Antifilarial Activity of Four Plants from Nord-Cameroon” European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 19 (3): 1-12, 2017.
[28] Simon T, Connelly C, Muller R, “Optimization of culture conditions for the maintenance of Onchocerca gutturosa adult worms in vitro ”Journal of Helminthology. 1986; 60: 323-330.
[29] Schulz–key, “The collagenase technique: how to isolate and examine adult onchocerca volvulus for the evaluation of drug trials”, Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1988; 39: 423-440.
[30] Cho-Ngwa F, Abongwa M, Ngemenya MN, Nyongbela KD “Selective activity of extracts of Margaritaria discoidea and Homalium africanum on Onchocerca ochengi” BMC Complement. Altern. Med, 2010; 10: 62.
[31] Comley JCW, Rees MJ, Turner CH, Jenkins DC, “Colorimetric quantitation of filarial viability”, Int J Parasitol. 1989; 19 (1): 77-83.
[32] Organization for economic co-operation and development. OCDE. Acute Oral Toxicity-up and down procedure, Guidelines for testing of chemicals. 2001; 425: 1-26.
[33] Silva NCC, Fernandes JA. Biological properties of medicinal plants: a review of their antimicrobial activity. The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 2010, 16 (3): 402–413.
[34] Organization for economic co-operation and development. OECD, “Harmonised Integrated Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Hazards of Chemical Substances and Mixtures”, OECD, Paris, Adopted 14th (Chapter 2.1), August 2001.
[35] Loha M, Mulu A, Abay MS, Ergete W, Geleta B. Acute and Subacute Toxicity of Methanol Extract of Syzygium guineense Leaves on the Histology of the Liver and Kidney and Biochemical Compositions of Blood in Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019; 5: 702-159.
[36] Suriyavadhana M, Pakutharivu T. Evaluation of Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Ethanol Extracts of Entada pursaetha, Toddalia aculeata, and Ziziphus mauritiana. World J Life Sci. and Medical Research 2011; 1 (2): 44.
[37] Lazare T, Jacques DY, Michel OA. Alcoolisation chronique des rats (Rattus norvegicus) de souche Wistar à une eau-de-vie traditionnelle produit en Côte d’Ivoire (Koutoukou). J. Appl. Biosci. 2011. 41: 2772-2779.
[38] Sasidharan S, Chen Y, Saravanan D, Sundram KM, Yoga Latha L. Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Plants Extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines, 2011, 8 (1): 1–10.
[39] John AB. Natural Products as a Foundation for Drug Discovery. Current Protocols in Pharmacology, 2009, 46: 9.11.1–9.11.21.
[40] Ndjonka D, Abladam ED, Djafsia B, Ajonina-Ekoti I, Achukwi MD, Liebau E, Anthelmintic activity of phenolic acids from the axlewood tree Anogeissus leiocarpus on the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi and drug-resistant strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J Helminthol. 2014, 88, 481–488.
[41] Dikti VJ, Kalmobe J, Djafsia B, Schmidt TJ, Liebau E, Ndjonka D. Anti-Onchocerca and Anti-Caenorhabditis Activity of a HydroAlcoholic Extract from the Fruits of Acacia nilotica and Some Proanthocyanidin Derivatives. Molecules. 2017; 22-748.
[42] Aisawarya G, Reza KH, Radhika G, Rahul V. “Study for anthelmintic activity of Cashew apple (Anarcadium occidentais) extract” Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2010; 6 (1): 44-47.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Elodie Mimi Megnigueu, Noël Jean Nyemb, Ngwafu Nancy Ngwasiri, Adeline Sabine Yadang Fanta, Francis Nveikoueing, et al. (2020). In vitro Anthelmintic Activities of Extracts and Fractions of Cosmos sulphureus Cav, Against Onchocerca ochengi. Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants, 6(1), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jdmp.20200601.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Elodie Mimi Megnigueu; Noël Jean Nyemb; Ngwafu Nancy Ngwasiri; Adeline Sabine Yadang Fanta; Francis Nveikoueing, et al. In vitro Anthelmintic Activities of Extracts and Fractions of Cosmos sulphureus Cav, Against Onchocerca ochengi. J. Dis. Med. Plants 2020, 6(1), 22-30. doi: 10.11648/j.jdmp.20200601.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Elodie Mimi Megnigueu, Noël Jean Nyemb, Ngwafu Nancy Ngwasiri, Adeline Sabine Yadang Fanta, Francis Nveikoueing, et al. In vitro Anthelmintic Activities of Extracts and Fractions of Cosmos sulphureus Cav, Against Onchocerca ochengi. J Dis Med Plants. 2020;6(1):22-30. doi: 10.11648/j.jdmp.20200601.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.jdmp.20200601.14,
      author = {Elodie Mimi Megnigueu and Noël Jean Nyemb and Ngwafu Nancy Ngwasiri and Adeline Sabine Yadang Fanta and Francis Nveikoueing and Siméon Fogue Kouam and Dieudonné Ndjonka},
      title = {In vitro Anthelmintic Activities of Extracts and Fractions of Cosmos sulphureus Cav, Against Onchocerca ochengi},
      journal = {Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants},
      volume = {6},
      number = {1},
      pages = {22-30},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jdmp.20200601.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jdmp.20200601.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jdmp.20200601.14},
      abstract = {Medicinal plants have been of great importance to many traditional communities for many generations. However, there is need to carry out scientific studies in order to confirm the medicinal properties of many plants used traditionally. Cosmos sulphureus (Asteraceae) used by local communities for the treatment of various diseases has showed antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiplasmodial properties although there are no studies demonstrating its antionchocerca activity. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antionchocerca potential of crude extracts and chromatographic fractions of C. sulphureus using Onchocerca ochengi, a bovine filarial closest in phylogeny to Onchocerca volvulus. Solvent extraction of the parts of C. sulphureus was performed using distilled water, 70% EtOH, MeOH, CH2Cl2 and a mixture of MeOH/CH2Cl2 (v/v). Anthelmintic assay was evaluated on adult worms of O. ochengi and worm viability was assessed biochemically using the dimethylthiazol (MTT) formazan assay. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicities of the promising extract was investigated in mice. The chemical composition of extracts was revealed. EtOH extract of roots showed highest anthelmintic activity with an LC50 value of 31.01±1.17 μg/mL which was more significant than the one of ivermectin (LC50=42.78 μg/mL) used as standard. The other extracts show moderate activities. The most active fraction obtained from EtOH extract of roots had an LC50 value of 19.10 μg/mL on male worm. For acute toxicity, a single dose of 2000 mg/kg used induced no critical behavioral changes or death. In sub- acute toxicity, daily oral administration of hydro-ethanolic extracts of roots at the dose of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg revealed disturbances in the normal growth of animals as well as liver and kidney alterations. These results unfold potential sources of novel anti-onchocerca lead compounds and validate the traditional use of the plants in onchocerciasis treatment.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - In vitro Anthelmintic Activities of Extracts and Fractions of Cosmos sulphureus Cav, Against Onchocerca ochengi
    AU  - Elodie Mimi Megnigueu
    AU  - Noël Jean Nyemb
    AU  - Ngwafu Nancy Ngwasiri
    AU  - Adeline Sabine Yadang Fanta
    AU  - Francis Nveikoueing
    AU  - Siméon Fogue Kouam
    AU  - Dieudonné Ndjonka
    Y1  - 2020/04/14
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jdmp.20200601.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jdmp.20200601.14
    T2  - Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants
    JF  - Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants
    JO  - Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants
    SP  - 22
    EP  - 30
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2469-8210
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jdmp.20200601.14
    AB  - Medicinal plants have been of great importance to many traditional communities for many generations. However, there is need to carry out scientific studies in order to confirm the medicinal properties of many plants used traditionally. Cosmos sulphureus (Asteraceae) used by local communities for the treatment of various diseases has showed antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiplasmodial properties although there are no studies demonstrating its antionchocerca activity. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antionchocerca potential of crude extracts and chromatographic fractions of C. sulphureus using Onchocerca ochengi, a bovine filarial closest in phylogeny to Onchocerca volvulus. Solvent extraction of the parts of C. sulphureus was performed using distilled water, 70% EtOH, MeOH, CH2Cl2 and a mixture of MeOH/CH2Cl2 (v/v). Anthelmintic assay was evaluated on adult worms of O. ochengi and worm viability was assessed biochemically using the dimethylthiazol (MTT) formazan assay. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicities of the promising extract was investigated in mice. The chemical composition of extracts was revealed. EtOH extract of roots showed highest anthelmintic activity with an LC50 value of 31.01±1.17 μg/mL which was more significant than the one of ivermectin (LC50=42.78 μg/mL) used as standard. The other extracts show moderate activities. The most active fraction obtained from EtOH extract of roots had an LC50 value of 19.10 μg/mL on male worm. For acute toxicity, a single dose of 2000 mg/kg used induced no critical behavioral changes or death. In sub- acute toxicity, daily oral administration of hydro-ethanolic extracts of roots at the dose of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg revealed disturbances in the normal growth of animals as well as liver and kidney alterations. These results unfold potential sources of novel anti-onchocerca lead compounds and validate the traditional use of the plants in onchocerciasis treatment.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon

  • Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon

  • Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon

  • Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon

  • Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

  • Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon

  • Sections